Temporary retaining walls are often used during construction, such as for the support of the sides of an excavation that is made below-grade in order to construct the building foundation. If the temporary retaining wall has the ability to develop the active wedge, then the basic active earth pressure principles described in the previous sections …
Sheet pile retaining walls are widely used for waterfront construction and consist of interlocking members that are driven into place. Individual sheet piles come in many different sizes and shapes. Sheet piles have an interlocking joint that enables the individual segments to be connected together to form a solid wall. Many different types of design …
A retaining wall is defined as a structure whose primary purpose is to provide lateral support for soil or rock. In some cases, such as basement walls and certain types of bridge abutments, it may also support vertical loads. The more common types of retaining walls are shown in below Fig. and include gravity walls, …
A structural membrane or thin shell structures is a curved surface structure. Usually, it is capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports. It is highly efficient structurally when it is so shaped, proportioned, and supported that it transmits the loads without bending or twisting.A membrane or a shell is defined by …
A roof truss is a coplanar system of structural members joined together at their ends to form a stable framework. If small changes in the lengths of the members due to loads are neglected, the relative positions of the joints cannot change. Characteristics of Trusses Three bars pinned together to form a triangle represents the …
External loads on a structure may be classified in several different ways. In one classification in types of structural loads , they may be considered as static or dynamic. Static loads are forces that are applied slowly and then remain nearly constant. One example is the weight, or dead load, of a floor or roof …
The aluminum alloy designations may be classified: (1) as cast and wrought, and (2) as heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. Wrought alloys can be worked mechanically by such processes as rolling, extruding, drawing, or forging. Alloys are heat-treatable if the dissolved constituents are less soluble in the solid state at ordinary temperatures than at elevated temperatures, thereby …
Corrosion of iron and steel metals is caused by the tendency of iron (anode) to go into solution in water as ferrous hydroxide and displace hydrogen, which in turn combines with dissolved oxygen to form more water. At the same time, the dissolved ferrous hydroxide is converted by more oxygen to the insoluble ferric hydroxide, …
Plastics with long-chain molecules, called polymer concrete , are used in several ways to enhance concrete properties: replacement of portland cement, incorporation in a mix as an admixture, and impregnating hardened concrete. Polymer concretes, such as methyl methacrylate and unsaturated polyester, in which a polymer replaces portland cement may have more than double the strength …
Mortar is composed of a cementitious material, fine aggregate, sand, and water. They are used for bedding unit masonry, for plasters and stuccoes, and with the addition of coarse aggregate, for concrete. Here consideration is given primarily to those mortars used for unit masonry and plasters. Properties of mortars vary greatly, being dependent on the …