Large industrial buildings, auditoriums, gymnasiums, theaters, hangars, and exposition buildings require much greater clear distance between supports than can be supplied by beam and column long span steel framing . When the clear distance is greater than can be spanned with rolled beams, several alternatives are available. These may be classified as girders, simple trusses, …
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Buildings should be designed to have protection against earthquakes in minor earthquakes without damage, because they may occur almost everywhere. For major earthquakes, it may not be economical to prevent all damage but collapse should be precluded. Because an earthquake and a high wind are not likely to occur simultaneously, building codes usually do not …
After the risk of a hazard has been assessed, the building designers and contractors, guided by building-code, design standards, zoning-code, and health-agency specifications and exercising their best judgment, should decide on an acceptable level for the risk management in construction . With this done, they should then select a cost-effective way of avoiding the hazard, …
Normally, a client asks the architect for an estimate of the construction time for the project. The client can then incorporate this estimate in the overall development construction scheduling The contractor should prepare a detailed construction schedule for use in administering the work of subcontractors and the contractor’s own forces. The contractor should be requested …
Technical requirements may be specified in different ways, depending on what best meets the client’s requirements. One or more of the following types of specifications in construction may be used for a building projects Descriptive Specifications. These describe the components of a product and how they are assembled. The specification writer specifies the physical and …
The definition of project phases of development for a particular project from initial studies through post construction should be understood by the client and outlined thoroughly in the client-A/E agreement. The most-often-used phases of development include the following: Feasibility Studies. To assist the client in determining the scope of the project and the extent of …
Architecture is a process involving multidisciplinary input by many professionals CONSTRUCTION TEAM . Comprehensive design services in the professional disciplines of planning, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, and civil, structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection engineering are offered within one organization by some large architect-engineer (A/E) and engineer-architect(E/A)firms. Smaller architectural firms retain the se …
zoning codes are established under the police powers of the state, to protect the health, welfare, and safety of the public. Zoning, however, primarily regulates land use by controlling types of occupancy of buildings,building height, and density and activity of population in specific parts of a jurisdiction. Zoning codes are usually developed by a planning …
Many of the restrictions encountered in building design are imposed by legal regulations. While all must be met, those in building codes are the most significant because they affect almost every part of a building. Building codes are established under the police powers of a state to protect the health, welfare, and safety of communities. …
Value engineering is the application of the scientific method to the study of values of systems. The major objective of value engineering in building design and construction is reduction of initial and life-cycle costs . Thus, value engineering has one of the objectives of systems design, in which the overall goal is production of an …