Large industrial buildings, auditoriums, gymnasiums, theaters, hangars, and exposition buildings require much greater clear distance between supports than can be supplied by beam and column long span steel framing . When the clear distance is greater than can be spanned with rolled beams, several alternatives are available. These may be classified as girders, simple trusses, […]
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Buildings should be designed to have protection against earthquakes in minor earthquakes without damage, because they may occur almost everywhere. For major earthquakes, it may not be economical to prevent all damage but collapse should be precluded. Because an earthquake and a high wind are not likely to occur simultaneously, building codes usually do not
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After the risk of a hazard has been assessed, the building designers and contractors, guided by building-code, design standards, zoning-code, and health-agency specifications and exercising their best judgment, should decide on an acceptable level for the risk management in construction . With this done, they should then select a cost-effective way of avoiding the hazard,
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Technical requirements may be specified in different ways, depending on what best meets the client’s requirements. One or more of the following types of specifications in construction may be used for a building projects Descriptive Specifications. These describe the components of a product and how they are assembled. The specification writer specifies the physical and
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Architecture is a process involving multidisciplinary input by many professionals CONSTRUCTION TEAM . Comprehensive design services in the professional disciplines of planning, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, and civil, structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection engineering are offered within one organization by some large architect-engineer (A/E) and engineer-architect(E/A)firms. Smaller architectural firms retain the se
zoning codes are established under the police powers of the state, to protect the health, welfare, and safety of the public. Zoning, however, primarily regulates land use by controlling types of occupancy of buildings,building height, and density and activity of population in specific parts of a jurisdiction. Zoning codes are usually developed by a planning
Many of the restrictions encountered in building design are imposed by legal regulations. While all must be met, those in building codes are the most significant because they affect almost every part of a building. Building codes are established under the police powers of a state to protect the health, welfare, and safety of communities.
Value engineering is the application of the scientific method to the study of values of systems. The major objective of value engineering in building design and construction is reduction of initial and life-cycle costs . Thus, value engineering has one of the objectives of systems design, in which the overall goal is production of an
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Management Contracting Management contracting is appropriate for large – scale projects requiring an early start on site. The design is undertaken on behalf of the employer and this procurement route is ideal where work needs to be started before the design on the project is completed. It therefore is of great assistance where the period
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Cause-and-effect analysis or Ishakawa diagram is a graphical approach to failure analysis. It is also referred to as fishbone analysis, a name derived from the fish-shaped pattern that is used to plot the relationship between various factors that contribute to a specific event. Typically, a fishbone analysis plots four major classifications of potential causes (i.e.,
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