Civil Engineering

After the risk of a hazard has been assessed, the building designers and contractors, guided by building-code, design standards, zoning-code, and health-agency specifications and exercising their best judgment, should decide on an acceptable level for the risk management in construction . With this done, they should then select a cost-effective way of avoiding the hazard, […]

Technical requirements may be specified in different ways, depending on what best meets the client’s requirements. One or more of the following types of specifications in construction may be used for a building projects Descriptive Specifications. These describe the components of a product and how they are assembled. The specification writer specifies the physical and

Architecture is a process involving multidisciplinary input by many professionals CONSTRUCTION TEAM . Comprehensive design services in the professional disciplines of planning, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, and civil, structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection engineering are offered within one organization by some large architect-engineer (A/E) and engineer-architect(E/A)firms. Smaller architectural firms retain the se

zoning codes are established under the police powers of the state, to protect the health, welfare, and safety of the public. Zoning, however, primarily regulates land use by controlling types of occupancy of buildings,building height, and density and activity of population in specific parts of a jurisdiction. Zoning codes are usually developed by a planning

Many of the restrictions encountered in building design are imposed by legal regulations. While all must be met, those in building codes are the most significant because they affect almost every part of a building. Building codes are established under the police powers of a state to protect the health, welfare, and safety of communities.

Value engineering is the application of the scientific method to the study of values of systems. The major objective of value engineering in building design and construction is reduction of initial and life-cycle costs . Thus, value engineering has one of the objectives of systems design, in which the overall goal is production of an

Management Contracting Management contracting is appropriate for large – scale projects requiring an early start on site. The design is undertaken on behalf of the employer and this procurement route is ideal where work needs to be started before the design on the project is completed. It therefore is of great assistance where the period