A ball valve, also known as a spherical valve, is a stopcock mechanism used to regulate the flow of a piped fluid and is characterised by having a perforated ball inside as its regulating mechanism.The mechanism is opened by turning the stem linked to the ball, allowing the fluid to pass by aligning the hole in the …
Thermostatic radiator valves are typically used for regulating the medium flow to the radiators of heating systems. When combined to a thermostatic or thermo-electric control head, they keep the ambient temperature of the room where they are installed constantat the set value. This prevents unwanted temperature rises and achieves considerable energy savings. These valves have …
Ventilation introduces outdoor air to replenish the oxygen supply and rid building spaces of odors and toxic gases. Ventilation can also be used to pressurize a building to reduce infiltration. While ventilation is required in nearly all buildings, the design of a ventilation system must consider the cost of heating and cooling the ventilation air. …
Low humidity can cause problems such as respiratory discomfort and static electricity. Humidifiers can humidify a space either directly or through an air handling system. For satisfactory environmental conditions, the relative humidity of the air should be 30 to 60 percent. In critical areas where explosive gases are present, 50 percent minimum is recommended. Humidification …
GPS receiver is composed of three primary components: the antenna, which receives the radio frequency (RF) broadcasts from the satellites; the downconverter, which converts the RF signal into an intermediate frequency (IF) signal; and the baseband processor or correlator, which uses the IF signal to acquire, track, and receive the navigation message broadcast from each …
One of the most readily accepted applications of electronics in automobiles has been the antilock braking system (ABS). ABS is a safety-related feature that assists the driver in deceleration of the vehicle in poor or marginal braking conditions (e.g., wet or icy roads). In such conditions, panic braking by the driver (in non-ABS-equipped cars) results …
Automotive cruise control system is an excellent example of the type of electronic feedback control system. Recall that the components of a control system include the plant, or system being controlled, and a sensor for measuring the plant variable being regulated. It also includes an electronic control system that receives inputs in the form of …
The principal components put together comprise a conventional braking system that is outlined below together with possible brake system layouts. The discussion of the components begins with the pedal assembly and moves through the brake system finishing with the foundation or wheel brakes. Pedal assembly A brake pedal consists of an arm, pad and pivot …
The design of tyre profiles depends on the intended use, taking into account the parameters of height-to-width ratio, construction and mixture and design. The aquaplaning properties are improved by increasing the negative proportion (light places in the tyre impression,). The shoulder region with its transverse water-drainage grooves is particularly important for its properties in a …
The tyre load capacity indicated in the load index are the maximum loads per tyre permitted for all tyres up to the speed symbol ‘H’. They are valid up to speeds of 210 km h-1 for tyres marked ‘V’ and up to 240 km h1 for those marked ‘R’ ‘W’ or ‘ZR’. For vehicles with …