GPS receiver is composed of three primary components: the antenna, which receives the radio frequency (RF) broadcasts from the satellites; the downconverter, which converts the RF signal into an intermediate frequency (IF) signal; and the baseband processor or correlator, which uses the IF signal to acquire, track, and receive the navigation message broadcast from each …
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One of the most readily accepted applications of electronics in automobiles has been the antilock braking system (ABS). ABS is a safety-related feature that assists the driver in deceleration of the vehicle in poor or marginal braking conditions (e.g., wet or icy roads). In such conditions, panic braking by the driver (in non-ABS-equipped cars) results …
Automotive cruise control system is an excellent example of the type of electronic feedback control system. Recall that the components of a control system include the plant, or system being controlled, and a sensor for measuring the plant variable being regulated. It also includes an electronic control system that receives inputs in the form of …
The principal components put together comprise a conventional braking system that is outlined below together with possible brake system layouts. The discussion of the components begins with the pedal assembly and moves through the brake system finishing with the foundation or wheel brakes. Pedal assembly A brake pedal consists of an arm, pad and pivot …
The design of tyre profiles depends on the intended use, taking into account the parameters of height-to-width ratio, construction and mixture and design. The aquaplaning properties are improved by increasing the negative proportion (light places in the tyre impression,). The shoulder region with its transverse water-drainage grooves is particularly important for its properties in a …
The tyre load capacity indicated in the load index are the maximum loads per tyre permitted for all tyres up to the speed symbol ‘H’. They are valid up to speeds of 210 km h-1 for tyres marked ‘V’ and up to 240 km h1 for those marked ‘R’ ‘W’ or ‘ZR’. For vehicles with …
In passenger cars, the tubeless tyre has almost completely ousted the tubed tyre. The main reasons are that the tubeless vs tube tyres is: easier and faster to fit the inner lining is able to self-seal small incisions in the tyre. In tubeless tyres the inner lining performs the function of the tube, i.e. …
The radial ply tyres consists of two bead cores joined together radially via the carcass – hence the name radial tyres. A belt of cords provides the necessary stiffness , whereas the external part of the tyre consists of the tread and sidewall and the interior of the inner lining, which ensures the tyre is …
In industrialized countries, cross-ply tyres are no longer used on passenger cars, either as original tyres or as replacement tyre designs , unlike areas with very poor roads where the less vulnerable sidewall has certain advantages. The same is true of commercial vehicles and vehicles that tow trailers, and here too radial tyres have swept …
The tyres are crucial functional elements for the transmission of longitudinal, lateral and vertical forces between the vehicle and road. The tyre properties should be as constant as possible and hence predictable by the driver. As well as their static and dynamic force transmission properties, the tyre requirements described below – depending on the intended …